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CKA study material: Storage

113 questions of the 1000 in the CKA — Certified Kubernetes Administrator quiz. Each opens with its answer, the reasoning and where that is written down.

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The questions

1. 137. A StatefulSet is scaled from five replicas to two. What happens to the two removed Pods' volumes?
2. 138. Which StatefulSet field gives each Pod its own PersistentVolumeClaim?
3. 145. Which two settings make up a StatefulSet's persistentVolumeClaimRetentionPolicy? Choose two.
4. 146. A StatefulSet Pod is replaced after its node fails. What happens to its PersistentVolumeClaim?
5. 183. Which filesystem does the nodefs eviction signal describe?
6. 198. What can a LimitRange enforce? Choose two.
7. 301. What is the relationship between a PersistentVolume and a PersistentVolumeClaim?
8. 302. How may a PersistentVolume be provisioned? Choose two.
9. 303. A PVC requests 5Gi and the only matching PV offers 10Gi. What does the control loop do?
10. 304. How many PVCs may bind to one PersistentVolume?
11. 305. Which reclaim policies exist for a PersistentVolume? Choose two.
12. 306. A PVC bound to a Retain volume is deleted. Which two statements describe the PV? Choose two.
13. 307. An administrator deletes a Retain PersistentVolume object. What happens to the storage behind it?
14. 308. Which reclaim policy is deprecated in favour of dynamic provisioning?
15. 309. A PVC is deleted while a Pod still uses it, and it does not disappear. What is happening?
16. 310. What status does a PVC show while in-use protection holds it?
17. 311. How do the two volumeModes differ? Choose two.
18. 312. What does the ReadWriteOnce access mode actually allow?
19. 313. An NFS server supports many writers but a PV backed by it is read-only. Which two statements explain this? Choose two.
20. 314. An attempt to expand a PVC fails because of a capacity constraint. What can be tried next?
21. 315. Which three fields does a StorageClass carry for dynamic provisioning? Choose two of them.
22. 316. A PVC omits storageClassName in a cluster with a default StorageClass. What happens?
23. 317. Two StorageClasses are both annotated as default. Which does a classless PVC get?
24. 318. What is the default reclaimPolicy of a StorageClass?
25. 319. A cluster uses topology-constrained storage and Pods keep landing where their volume is unreachable. Which setting fixes this?
26. 320. What is the default value of volumeBindingMode?
27. 321. A StorageClass uses WaitForFirstConsumer but a Pod sets nodeName directly. What is the consequence?
28. 322. Which StorageClass field must be true before a PVC can be resized?
29. 323. Which StorageClass field is mandatory?
30. 324. Which two statements about StorageClass provisioners are correct? Choose two.
31. 325. What is true of an emptyDir volume? Choose two.
32. 326. An emptyDir is configured to be backed by RAM. What is the trade-off?
33. 327. Why does the documentation discourage hostPath volumes?
34. 328. How do the hostPath types DirectoryOrCreate and FileOrCreate behave? Choose two.
35. 329. A hostPath volume sets an empty type. What check is performed before mounting?
36. 330. Which is true of a local volume?
37. 331. What makes a local PersistentVolume safer to use than a hostPath volume?
38. 332. Where do the contents of a mounted Secret volume live on the node?
39. 333. What does a projected volume do?
40. 334. How does one volume serve several purposes inside a single Pod?
41. 335. What is true of subPathExpr? Choose two.
42. 336. A downward API volume mounted through subPath stops reflecting a changed field value. Why?
43. 337. Which volumes are local ephemeral storage managed by the kubelet? Choose two.
44. 338. What distinguishes a generic ephemeral volume from a CSI ephemeral volume?
45. 339. Which snapshot object corresponds to a PersistentVolume?
46. 340. What is required for volume snapshots to work? Choose two.
47. 341. Which snapshot API objects are CustomResourceDefinitions rather than core kinds? Choose two.
48. 342. Why does a VolumeSnapshotClass exist separately from a StorageClass?
49. 343. A pre-provisioned VolumeSnapshot stays unbound. What is it waiting for?
50. 344. A PVC must bind to one specific PersistentVolume. What is set? Choose two.
51. 345. Naming a PV from a PVC does not stop another claim binding first. What actually reserves it?
52. 346. Which resource can currently be set or requested on a PersistentVolume?
53. 347. A PersistentVolume has no storageClassName. Which claims can bind to it?
54. 348. What problem did CSI solve for storage vendors?
55. 349. A hostPath PersistentVolume is used in a multi-node cluster and behaves inconsistently. What is the supported alternative?
56. 350. A PVC has been Pending for some time. Which explanations are consistent with that?
57. 641. A StatefulSet with three replicas and a volumeClaimTemplate is deleted, with no retention policy configured. What happens to its PersistentVolumeClaims?
58. 645. A StatefulSet should keep its volumes when scaled down but discard them when the whole set is deleted. Which two settings express that? Choose two.
59. 801. A PersistentVolume is bound ReadWriteOnce. Three Pods of the same Deployment land on the same node and all mount the claim. What happens?
60. 802. kubectl shows a PersistentVolume's access mode as RWOP. Which mode is that?
61. 803. A PersistentVolume is declared ReadOnlyMany, yet a Pod writes to it successfully. Why?
62. 804. A team wants ReadWriteOncePod on an NFS-backed PersistentVolume provisioned by an in-tree plugin. What blocks them?
63. 805. A PersistentVolume uses the Retain reclaim policy and its claim is deleted. Which two statements are true? Choose two.
64. 806. A developer deletes a PersistentVolumeClaim created from the default StorageClass, and the data is gone. What explains this?
65. 807. A PersistentVolume shows the phase Released. What does that mean?
66. 808. A Retain-policy PersistentVolume is stuck in Released and a new claim will not bind to it. What must be done?
67. 809. A PersistentVolumeClaim has been deleted but sits in Terminating with the finalizer kubernetes.io/pvc-protection. What is holding it?
68. 810. A PersistentVolume backed by an empty block device is mounted by a Pod for the first time, with volumeMode left unset. What happens?
69. 811. A statically created PersistentVolume has no storageClassName. Which claim can bind to it?
70. 812. An administrator pre-creates a PersistentVolume and writes a claim that omits storageClassName, expecting it to bind. Instead a new volume is provisioned. Why?
71. 813. An edit that raises a PersistentVolumeClaim's storage request is rejected. What is the likely cause?
72. 814. A StorageClass leaves volumeBindingMode unset. When is a volume provisioned for a new claim?
73. 815. In a multi-zone cluster, Pods keep failing to start because their volume is in a different zone. Which StorageClass setting fixes this?
74. 816. Which values may a StorageClass's reclaimPolicy take, and what is the default?
75. 817. A cluster needs dynamic provisioning for NFS, which has no in-tree provisioner. What does a StorageClass allow?
76. 818. A Pod uses an emptyDir volume. Which two events preserve its contents? Choose two.
77. 819. A Pod uses an emptyDir with medium set to Memory and is OOM-killed after writing a large file to it. Why?
78. 820. What is the documented alternative to a hostPath volume where node-local storage is genuinely needed?
79. 821. An admission policy restricts hostPath volumes to a list of approved directories. What else must it require to be effective?
80. 822. Which two statements about local volumes are correct? Choose two.
81. 823. A node holding a local PersistentVolume becomes unhealthy. What happens to the Pod using it?
82. 824. Two containers in a Pod must share one PersistentVolumeClaim but keep their data in separate directories. Which field arranges that?
83. 825. What is the default value of mountPropagation on a volume mount?
84. 826. Which requirement applies to a container using Bidirectional mount propagation?
85. 827. A claim omitting storageClassName stays Pending in a cluster where no StorageClass is annotated as default. Why?
86. 828. Which pairing correctly describes the volume snapshot objects?
87. 829. An operator wants to change a VolumeSnapshotClass's deletionPolicy. What does the API allow?
88. 830. kubectl get volumesnapshots returns "the server doesn't have a resource type". What is missing?
89. 831. Which two volume types are local ephemeral storage managed by the kubelet rather than by a storage driver? Choose two.
90. 832. A projected volume combines a Secret from another namespace with a ConfigMap from the Pod's own. What is the problem?
91. 833. A cluster has CSIStorageCapacity objects but the scheduler still places Pods on nodes with no room. What is likely unset?
92. 834. A Pod requiring a new attached volume stays Pending on an otherwise idle node with plenty of CPU and memory. What limit could explain it?
93. 835. What distinguishes a generic ephemeral volume from an ordinary PersistentVolumeClaim?
94. 836. Before deleting a claim in front of a production database, an operator wants to be sure the data survives. What should they change first?
95. 837. A cluster has two StorageClasses both annotated as default. What state is that?
96. 838. Which two fields on a CSI PersistentVolume must correspond to values the driver itself reports? Choose two.
97. 839. One container mounts a volume with readOnly: true. What does that mean for the other containers in the Pod?
98. 840. A hostPath volume of /mnt is mounted read-only into a container, but a tmpfs mounted at /mnt/data on the host is writable inside. Why?
99. 841. recursiveReadOnly is set to Enabled on a volume mount. Which two conditions must hold? Choose two.
100. 842. Which Pod field sets the group that owns the files in a Pod's mounted volumes?
101. 843. A node's ephemeral storage is filling up. Besides emptyDir volumes, which two things draw on it? Choose two.
102. 844. A namespace has a quota on ephemeral-storage, but a Pod consuming a great deal of scratch space is admitted anyway. What explains it?
103. 845. Where does a CSI driver's report that a volume is unhealthy appear?
104. 846. Which two conditions must hold to clone a PersistentVolumeClaim? Choose two.
105. 847. An existing ReadWriteOnce volume must be moved to ReadWriteOncePod without losing data. What does the documented procedure involve?
106. 848. A PersistentVolume uses the Delete reclaim policy and its claim is removed. What is deleted?
107. 849. An old manifest sets persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy to Recycle. What is the current guidance?
108. 850. A PersistentVolume lists ReadWriteOnce and ReadOnlyMany among its access modes. How is it mounted?
109. 912. A drain stops on Pods using emptyDir volumes. What does --delete-emptydir-data acknowledge?
110. 996. A node is powered off abruptly and a StatefulSet Pod stays Terminating while its replacement cannot start. What is holding the replacement?
111. 997. The node.kubernetes.io/out-of-service taint is applied to a node confirmed powered off. Which two things follow? Choose two.
112. 998. What must be verified before applying the out-of-service taint to a node?
113. 999. After how long does Kubernetes force-detach a volume from a node where a Pod deletion has not succeeded and the node is unhealthy?